Elizabeth

Elizabeth Elizabeth, city (1990 pop. 110,002), seat of Union co., NE N.J., on Newark Bay; inc. 1855. It is a shipping and transportation hub, with some of the world's largest containerized dock facilities at Port Elizabeth. Since 1985 the harbor, as part of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, has seen a steady increase in the volume of containerized exports. Highly industrialized, Elizabeth makes furnaces, plastics, chemicals, metal and food products, tea, paperboard boxes, and pharmaceuticals. A campus of Union College is in the city. The Goethals Bridge (1928) links Elizabeth with Staten Island, N.Y., and Newark International Airport is nearby. Since the 1980s the Jersey Gardens Mall and other developments have made Elizabeth a retailing center. The area was purchased (1664) from the Delaware and called Elizabethtown. From 1668 to 1682, Elizabeth borough served as the meeting place of the New Jersey assembly. Chartered as the town of Elizabeth in 1740, it was the scene of severa l Revolutionary clashes; many buildings were burned (1780). Among surviving older buildings are the 18th-century Elias Boudinot House and the 17th-century Nathaniel Bonnell House. Early industries were tanning and brewing. In the 19th cent., Elizabeth's proximity to New York City and the coming of the railroad stimulated great industrial expansion, especially in shipbuilding, machine production, and oil refining. Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr lived at times in Elizabeth. The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. Political Geography

Franz Boas, Father of American Anthropology

German-American anthropologist Franz Boas was one of the most influential social scientists of the early twentieth century, noted for his commitment to cultural relativism and as a staunch opponent of racist ideologies. Boas was arguably the most innovative, active, and prodigiously productive of the first generation of anthropologists in the U.S. He is best known for his curatorial work at the American Museum of National History in New York and for his nearly four-decade career teaching anthropology at Columbia University, where he built the first anthropology program in the country and trained the first generation of anthropologists in the U.S.  His graduate students went on to establish many of the first and most highly regarded anthropology programs in the country. Fast Facts: Franz Boas Born: July 9, 1858 in Minden, GermanyDied: December 22, 1942 in New York City, New YorkKnown For: Considered the Father of American AnthropologyEducation: University of Heidelberg, University of Bonn, University of KielParents: Meier Boas and Sophie MeyerSpouse: Marie Krackowizer Boas (m. 1861-1929)Notable Publications: The Mind of Primitive Man (1911), Handbook of American Indian Languages (1911), Anthropology and Modern Life (1928), Race, Language, and Culture (1940)Interesting Facts: Boas was an outspoken opponent of racism, and used anthropology to refute the scientific racism that was popular during his time. His theory of cultural relativism held that all cultures were equal, but simply had to be understood in their own contexts and by their own terms. Early Life Boas was born in 1858 in Minden, in the German province of Westphalia. His family was Jewish but identified with liberal ideologies and encouraged independent thinking. From a young age, Boas was taught to value books and became interested in the natural sciences and culture. He followed his interests in his college and graduate studies, focusing primarily on the natural sciences and geography while attending the University of Heidelberg, the University of Bonn, and the University of Kiel, where he graduated with a Ph.D. in physics. Research In 1883, after a year of service in the military, Boas began field research in Inuit communities in Baffin Island, off the northern coast of Canada. This was the beginning of his shift toward studying people and culture, rather than the external or natural worlds, and would alter the course of his career. Spirit of the Earthquake, Nootka Mask, Pacific Norwest Coast American Indian. Possibly American Museum of Natural History. Acquisition Year: 1901. Heritage Images / Getty Images In 1886, he began the first of many fieldwork trips to the Pacific Northwest. Contrary to dominant views during that era, Boas came to believe—in part through his fieldwork—that all societies were fundamentally equal. He disputed the claim that fundamental differences existed between societies that were deemed civilized versus savage or primitive, according to the language of the time. For Boas, all human groups were fundamentally equal. They simply needed to be understood within their own cultural contexts. Boas worked closely with the cultural exhibits of the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition, or the Chicago Worlds Fair, which celebrated the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus arrival in the Americas. It was a huge undertaking and many of the materials gathered by his research teams went on to form the basis of the collection for the Chicago Field Museum, where Boas worked briefly following the Columbian Exposition. Eskimos At The Worlds Columbian Exposition, which Franz Boas helped create. Chicago History Museum / Getty Images Following his time in Chicago, Boas moved to New York, where he became assistant curator and later curator at the American Museum of Natural History. While there, Boas championed the practice of presenting cultural artifacts in their context, rather than attempting to arrange them according to imagined evolutionary progress. Boas was an early proponent of using dioramas, or replicas of scenes from daily life, in museum settings. He was a leading figure in the research, development, and launch of the Museums Northwest Coast Hall in 1890, which was one of the first museum exhibits on the life and culture of the indigenous people of North America. Boas continued to work at the Museum until 1905, when he turned his professional energies toward academia. Franz Boas was curator of the American Museum Of Natural History from 1896 to 1905. The New York Historical Society / Getty Images Work in Anthropology Boas became the first professor of anthropology at Columbia University in 1899, following three years as a lecturer in the field. He was instrumental in establishing the universitys anthropology department, which became the first Ph.D. program in the discipline in the U.S. Boas is often referred to as the Father of American Anthropology because, in his role at Columbia, he trained the first generation of U.S. scholars in the field. Famous anthropologists Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict were both his students, as was the writer Zora Neale Hurston. In addition, several of his graduate students went on to establish some of the first anthropology departments in universities across the country, including programs at the University of California at Berkeley, University of Chicago, Northwestern University, and beyond. The emergence of anthropology as an academic discipline in the U.S. connects closely to Boas work and, in particular, his lasting legacy through his former students. Boas was also a key figure in the founding and development of the American Anthropological Association, which remains the primary professional organization for anthropologists in the U.S. Chiefs Blanket with Bear Design, Totemism,Tlingit Tribe, Pacific Northwest Coast Indians. Totemism is a system of belief in which humans are said to have kinship or a mystical relationship with a spirit-being, such as an animal or plant. Heritage Images / Getty Images Main Theories and Ideas Boas is well known for his theory of cultural relativism, which held that all cultures were essentially equal but simply had to be understood in their own terms. Comparing two cultures was tantamount to comparing apples and oranges; they were fundamentally different and had to be approached as such. This marked a decisive break with the evolutionary thinking of the period, which attempted to organize cultures and cultural artifacts by an imagined level of progress. For Boas, no culture was more or less developed or advanced than any other. They were simply different. Along similar lines, Boas denounced the belief that different racial or ethnic groups were more advanced than others. He opposed scientific racism, a dominant school of thought at that time. Scientific racism held that race was a biological, rather than cultural, concept and that racial differences could thus be attributed to underlying biology. While such ideas have since been refuted, they were very popular in the early twentieth century. In terms of anthropology as a discipline, Boas supported what came to be known as the four-field approach. Anthropology, for him, constituted the holistic study of culture and experience, bringing together cultural anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and physical anthropology. Franz Boas died of a stroke in 1942 at the Columbia University campus. A collection of his essays, articles, and lectures, which he had personally selected, was published posthumously under the title Race and Democratic Society. The book took aim at race discrimination, which Boas considered the most intolerable of all forms. Sources: Elwert, Georg. Boas, Franz (1858-1942). International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2015. Pierpont, Claudia Roth. The Measure of America. The New Yorker, March 8, 2004.Who Was Franz Boas? PBS Think Tank, 2001.White, Leslie A. Book Review: Race and Democratic Society. American Journal of Sociology, 1947.

Analysis Of Ernest Hemingway s Hemingway Once Said

Ernest Hemingway once said, â€Å"My aim is to put down on paper what I see and what I feel in the best and simplest way.† So, it is no surprise that many of his stories focus on the relationships between men, and women. Hemingway himself had been in many different relationships, and that translates into his writing. Each of the women he was with had different personalities, views of the world, and ways of loving him. Hemingway was able to learn from these relationships as well as those of the people around him, and write about them openly, and honestly. All fiction has a bit of truth hidden behind it, and I believe Hemingway was aware of that. He wanted to make people think about the lives that they were living. Hemingway exposed the fact that men took advantage of women in order to get what they wanted, and that women would put up with a lot for a man they love, but they do have limits. Hemingway’s story Up in Michigan is the most prevalent example of a man taking a dvantage of a women. In this story, a man named Jim Gilmore pays no attention to a young women that works for him named Liz Coates. Liz is obviously infatuat with Jim, and she pays no mind to the fact that she doesn’t really know him. The story never says that Jim is rude to Liz or anything of that nature it simply states that he doesn’t spend much time thinking about her or even looking at her. One night when Jim is drinking with his friends he begins to give Liz attention, and she is so happy that she doesn’tShow MoreRelatedErnest Hemingway: A Brief Biography 1210 Words   |  5 PagesErnest Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois in 1899. He was a writer who started his career with a newspaper office in Kansas City when he was seventeen. When the United States got involved in the First World War, Hemingway joined with a volunteer ambulance unit in the Italian army. During his service, he was wounded, and was decorated by the Italian Government. Upon his return to the United States, he was employed by Canadian and American newspapers as a reporter, and sent back to EuropeRead MoreHills Like White Elephants : A Critical Analysis1708 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†: A Critical Analysis Introduction: One of the many themes in his stories for which Ernest Heming way is known, includes feminism. At Hemingway’s time feminism was known as a famous movement and it affected many important writers like Octavia Butler and Virginia Woolf. Hemingway was a literary icon of his time and he was influenced by the political, social and human rights movements of his time. He was also touched by the hopelessness of women and how their thinkingRead MoreHemingway’s Short Stories of Autobiographical, Immature Males1906 Words   |  8 Pagesautobiographical. He attempted to dispel criticism of his short stories as autobiographical because Hemingway did not care for critics. His focus on his work as art ignores the autobiographical and psychological content he depended upon to develop characters. His characters are judged by the female characters of the short stories in the same way Hemingway was judged by his wives. Ernest Hemingway wrote stories about autobiographical, male characters that lacked maturity as judged by female charactersRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Old Man And The Sea 1189 Words   |  5 PagesThe Story of Santiago Old Man and the Sea Book Analysis Ernest Hemingway poured his own traits and personal touches to his moving piece of work, and by doing this he created heart-touching original characters that will make you think deeper and darker. The novella entails a story of an Old Man going on a strenuous fishing expedition miles off the coast of Cuba for the course of three days and three nights. Sadly, the battle is lost over the Old Man losing his catch and bringing home only its bonesRead MoreA Farewell To Arms Character Analysis2009 Words   |  9 Pageswere asked to create weekly plans to change a major part of their personality. By the study’s conclusion, almost every participant saw noticeable improvements in their personality focus area. In Ernest Hemingway’s 1929 novel A Farewell To Arms, the answer to the hypothesis of this study is repeated. The novel s protagonist, Henry Frederick, over the course of the novel goes through meaningful character changes to become more open, conscientious, agreeable, ext raverted, and neurotypical. The catalystRead MoreThe Old Man And The Sea By Siddhartha Gautama1638 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"In the end, only three things matter: how much you loved, how gently you lived, and how gracefully you let go of things not meant for you† was beautifully said by Siddhartha Gautama and perfectly emcompasses what his life was truly all about. The life of Gautama can be recognized as remarkable because when analyzed, it is clear that he created a foundation for himself that not only survived his own death, but also all of the changing decades that passed thereafter. This foundation was Buddhism andRead MoreAnalysis Of Hills Like White Elephants 1911 Words   |  8 PagesElephants† Jig’s Abortion through the Historical and Textual Lens â€Å"I know you wouldn’t mind it, Jig. It’s really not anything. It’s just to let the air in† (Hemingway 213). In Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants,† an abortion is debated through subtleties, similes, and symbols. The abortion is never explicitly mentioned, but instead Hemingway leaves the reader to conclude what this â€Å"simple operation† really is (213). With no decisive decision on the termination of the pregnancy revealed at theRead MoreStructuralism and Interpretation Ernest Hemingways Cat in Ther Ain9284 Words   |  38 PagesPorter Institute for Poetics and Semiotics Analysis and Interpretation of the Realist Text: A Pluralistic Approach to Ernest Hemingways Cat in the Rain Author(s): David Lodge Source: Poetics Today, Vol. 1, No. 4, Narratology II: The Fictional Text and the Reader (Summer, 1980), pp. 5-22 Published by: Duke University Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1771885 . Accessed: 14/03/2011 05:14 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use,Read MoreALST3389 Words   |  14 Pagesnew world obsessed her. She loved the speed of its trains, the way the Renault factories in Croissy worked around the clock, the hustle of immigrants on the Paris streets. Almost like a collector of great art, she began to collect great talent: Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Pablo Picasso, and a dozen other great names of the revolution that became known as modernism. What made Stein so successful in this endeavor wasnt only her ambition or her intellect or the strength of her own talent (whichRead MoreGender Roles in the Play Trifles Essay3006 Words   |  13 Pagesunderstanding and sense of relief on this suppressing stereotype. Opening up the ideology of gender roles, there are many things that determine how we associate gender and sex with peoples’ identities. The article, â€Å"The Context of Current Content Analysis of Gender Roles: An Introduction to a Special Issue† written by Rudy Rena, Lucy Popova, and Daniel Linz, demonstrates the idea of symbols representing our sex and gender and are explained by bringing up social influences associated with our sexual

Breastfeeding vs. Formula Feeding Free Essays

Breastfeeding vs. Formula Feeding Lacey Payson BCOM/275 March 18, 2013 Allen Sutton Breastfeeding vs. Formula Feeding In today’s society, many mothers face making the decision to breastfeed or to formula feed. We will write a custom essay sample on Breastfeeding vs. Formula Feeding or any similar topic only for you Order Now After 36 – 42 weeks of carrying a child, some mothers want their body back. Other mothers want to save money and give their child a nutritious diet. Breast milk is known to be healthier, in conjunction with an amazing way to bond with her child. There are two mottos that have been heard. One saying is â€Å"breast is best† and the second is â€Å"formula or breast, mother knows best. Kathryn Blundell, deputy editor for Mother and Baby magazine states â€Å"I formula fed. So What? I wanted my body back. (And some wine)†¦I also wanted to give my boobs at least a chance to stay on my chest rather than dangling around my stomach† (Rock, 2010). Society would understand where she is coming from by wanting her body back but her body will never be the same after carrying a child and going through labor. Many mothers feel they have to fully give up drinking. It has been determined that a mother can have one 4 ounce glass of wine, except that she will need to wait a minimum of 2 hours after to nurse her baby. A mother can pump before she has a glass of wine and give the baby that milk. Breastfeeding has been known to help mothers lose weight. Kathryn Blundell also states, â€Å"†¦You’ll hear tales of agonizing three-hour feeding sessions and – the drama! – bloody nipples† (Rock, 2010). Breastfeeding can be rough because the sore nipples, late night feedings and needing to pump if she is a working mom. Jobs may let her take a break to go pump to help keep the production of milk going. Regardless of the choice between breastfeeding and formula feeding, there will be late night feedings. â€Å"They’re part of my sexuality, too – not just breast, but fun bags. And when you have that attitude (and I admit I made no attempt to change it), seeing your teeny, tiny, innocent baby latching on where only a lover has been before feels, well a little creepy† (Rock, 2010). Breasts are for feeding babies. When pregnant woman’s body adjusts to bearing a child, it knows to produce milk. Some women will lactate as early as 23 weeks. Before the 1800s, women had no choice but to breast feed. Saying that the breasts are only for a sexual purpose is like saying a woman would rather have a cesarean delivery, so the baby will not touch her vagina. Breasts are only sexual because people make them out to be. An example of this is Victoria’s secret models advertising lingerie. Women’s bodies are made to carry and nurture babies. Mother and baby deputy editor states â€Å"there are studies that show [breastfeeding] reduces the risk of breast cancer for you, and your stomach upsets and allergies for your baby. But even the convenience and supposed health benefits of breast milk couldn’t induce me to stick my nipple into a bawling baby’s mouth† (Rock, 2010). She is correct about breast milk being healthy for both mommy and baby however, a mother that feels the way she does may be interpreted as being selfish. Breast milk is the perfect food for an infant with many advantages over formula. Research has shown that it may help prevent SIDS, also known as Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Breast milk contains the ideal proportion of nutrients including the following; protein, carbohydrates, fat, and calcium. Breast milk is easily digested compared to formula, free and available when needed. Breast milk includes active infection-fighting white blood cells that helps protect against impurities during the first few months. It may contain fatty acids, which may assist with brain development. The best reason to breastfeed is the bond a woman will have with her child. In summary, breastfeeding can be hard because of late night feedings. However in the end it is better for the baby and less expensive. A mother does not have to surrender drinking completely. She should do what she feels, breastfeeding can be a hassle, but it is healthier. â€Å"Formula or breast, mother knows best. † Bibliography Rock, L. (2010, June 2010). Breastfeeding is ‘creepy’, says parenting magazine. The Observer. How to cite Breastfeeding vs. Formula Feeding, Essay examples

Trumpet. Content Analysis

Abstract The basic role of a magazine is to provide information that is relevant in a given field. Among the fields, there can be politics, nature, tourism and so on, or a combination of these subjects. However, written materials go beyond their initial mandate where we find that besides providing the basic information, they may become a forum for advertisement or a media that sparkles debate on topical issues.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Trumpet. Content Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to various reasons, there has been an influx in the use of magazines as tools for advertisements. In this paper we will analyze the bulk of information contained in the Trumpet magazine in a bid to try to understand why it has assumed a particular definite trend in its writing and content. Introduction Like any other media of our time, magazines have become popular platforms for setting out social, economic and p olitical agenda that dominate people’s minds. For this reason, they have become preferable reading materials by many people. At the same time, there are those who use the magazine as their medium for reaching prospective clients for their commodities while, on the other hand, providing clients with a simplified and sometimes detailed platform for purchasing their products (Berelson, 1971). Either way, it must be said that magazine content can serve several purposes to different people, just as it affects the cultural set up of its environment. To help us understand what dictates the trends that can be found in magazine content, we will look into a set of magazines which content cuts through social issues, cultural, political, and economic tendencies. The Trumpet Magazine and The Trader and Urban Law are good case studies to analyzes their ability to attract attention of a broad audience due to the fact that they contain a wide range of content. Research Questions While analyz ing this media, we may formulate some questions that will guide us to remain within the context of our study, as well as assist in further understanding of this media. Some of these questions will be: I. What are the major topics covered by these magazines?Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More II. Who are the target audience for these magazines: the youth, the middle aged business people etc.? III. What is the audience base of these magazines? IV. How does the message in this media influence and interact with daily cultural, political, social and political issues? V. To what extent does the content in these magazines influence and /or affect the content carried in other media? VI. What is the relevance and applicability of the content found on these magazines to the target audience? Sample The population that will be used in this study will be mainly drawn from the group of peo ple aged between 18 and 45 years. This is because this age brackets consist of people who are perceived to be interested in various aspects of the content carried in this study. In this age bracket, there will be college students, aged between 18 and 25 who are interested in fashion trends, entertainment industry, and career opportunities. People aged between 26 and 35 will most likely be focused on career growth, family matters and business, while those aged between 36 and 45 are likely to concentrate on business matters, property and politics.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Trumpet. Content Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Variables Our primary variable across all the magazines is the content. Basically, the magazines carry characteristically different contents. The Trumpet, for instance, concentrates on fashion, tours, travelling and entertainment. Its name is said to be inspired by the elephantâ₠¬â„¢s blowing of the trumpet and perhaps this explains to what extent the magazine could be broad in its topics. The magazine is made graphically attractive and a common feature of every issue is photos of selected beautifully tended tourist hotels and a description of their services. There is also an outline of selected internationally recognized tourist attraction sites; fashion models, both men and women, posing in trendy wear and mostly in outdoor setting, are also a common feature of such kind of magazines. Consequently, supermarkets, fashion stores, colleges and tour companies find it a valuable advertising forum. The magazine’s photographs and message are fundamentally directed to fun and entertainment lovers or holiday makers. The Trader, as the name suggests, is more inclined towards all business aspects, from property dealing to stocks and shares. A profile of a well to do business venture is always a part of it, as well as various interviews with equally successful corporate leaders. There are always well laid photos of houses mainly for sale, and high end furniture dealers ensure a good combination of well selected furniture. This is primarily a business platform, thus graphs and charts are also normally an essential part of it. It tends to spell out some serious tone. People settling in their careers or seeking for business opportunities would be enticed by such a magazine with no doubt.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Urban Law takes a legal aspect, mostly one that was famous or infamous for one reason or the other is usually highlighted. Contributors include lawyers and media analysts. The magazine also looks at the political situation and profiles of sitting or past political figures. Classy vehicle dealers like the Mercedes Benz are common advertisers. You will also spot an advert of an expensive wine and supermarkets to use this medium. Although it makes a good read for readers across the board, this magazine is greatly appealing to people who are quite settled in their careers and are looking for a pass time and politically insightful media. The Codebook Although the issues carried in these magazines are as varied as the topics they cover, they all carry adverts of one nature. The Trumpet was found to consistently carry messages that are focused on the younger generation. You will find, for instance, photographs of young well built men wearing trendy jeans and T-shirts. In real life, thi s fashion is a common trend with young men of about that age, If there is an advert on a car, it will most likely be a sporty vehicle that features have been improved for appeal, what is commonly known as pimping. It will have fancy doors or will be a sleek convertible and so on. The magazine so often carries adverts of soft drinks and the Coca-Cola Company places adverts of the popular Fanta soda which is most common consumed by the youth. In each magazine, there are topics that are of national interests regardless of any other feature that was characteristic of the magazine. For examples, when there is an issue like a general election, all the magazines would address it in a style that appeals to their readers. Findings Each magazine curves out its own style of presenting to its readers what was viewed as topics of interest and these topics would in return attract advertisers (Klaus, 2008). It was also noted that the stories featured as main stories appeared to have adverts consid erably smaller in size. All these magazines tend to have adverts strategically placed in sizes where some occupied as little as an eighth of a page. There are also adverts on half and full pages. Some adverts also appear in every issue of the magazine, while others only make a one-time appearance. The adverts appearing on the front pages of these magazines tend to be larger than on most other pages. This could be driven by the perceived conspicuous nature if they are displayed on the front page. Cultural and Social Attributes There are various characteristics exhibited in the messages carried out in both, the adverts and other contents of the magazines (Berelson, 1971). Generally, the adverts are packaged to reflect a particular trend in the society at a given time and by an outlined class of people. In the magazines which message was directed to the youth, there could be spotted such trends as young men with plaited hair or wearing studs on the ear. This could be interpreted as an acceptable or debatable in the larger eyes of the society. It could also mean that there has been a shift from being a conservative society that looks at such issues from a critical angle to accepting them as adoptable behaviors (Ole, 1969). All these issues become agenda set by the magazine for the public to debate. The discussion of some cases by the much politically inclined Urban Law magazine opened another part of social debate that had been long sounded too delicate to touch. The magazine debated such issues as high profile murder cases and even political assassinations. Cultural preservation and pride was exhibited through advocacy of local touristic sites hotels and artifacts where there were displays of locally made sculptures and other forms of artifacts. References Berelson, B. (1971). Content analysis in communication research. New York: Hafner. Klaus, K. (2008). The content analysis reader. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Ole, R. (1969). Content analysis for the s ocial sciences and humanities. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. This essay on Trumpet. Content Analysis was written and submitted by user Nora Herring to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Multiverse - Definition and Explanation

Multiverse - Definition and Explanation The multiverse is a theoretical framework in modern cosmology (and high energy physics) which presents the idea that there exist a vast array of potential universes which are actually manifest in some way. There are a number of different types of potential universes - the many worlds interpretation (MWI) of quantum physics, braneworlds predicted by string theory, and other more extravagant models - and so the parameters of exactly what constitutes the multiverse is different depending on whom you speak to. Its unclear how this theory can actually be applied scientifically, so its still controversial among many physicists. One application of the multiverse in modern discourse is a means of invoking the anthropic principle to explain the finely tuned parameters of our own universe without recourse to the need of an intelligent designer. As the argument goes, since we are here we know that the region of the multiverse in which we exist must, by definition, be one of the regions that have the parameters to allow us to exist. These finely tuned properties, therefore, require no more explanation than explaining why humans are born on land instead of under the ocean surface. Also Known As: multiple universe hypothesismegaversemeta-universeparallel worldsparallel universes Is the Multiverse real?   Theres solid physics supporting the idea the universe we know and love could be one of many. Partly this is because theres more than one way to make a multiverse. Take a look at five types of multiverses and how they could actually exist: Bubble Universes - Bubble universes are fairly easy to comprehend. In this theory, there could have been other Big Bang events, so far away from us that we cant conceive of the distances involved yet. If we consider our universe to consists of the galaxies created by a Big Bang, expanding outward, then eventually this universe might encounter another universe created much the same way. Or, maybe the distances involved are so vast these multiverses would never interact. Either way, it doesnt take a huge leap of imagination to see how bubble universes might exist.Multiverse from Repeating Universes - The repeating universe theory of multiverses is based on infinite space-time. If its infinite, then eventually the arrangement of particles will repeat themselves. In this theory, if you travel far enough, you would encounter another Earth and eventually another you.Braneworlds or Parallel Universes - According to this multiverse theory, the universe we perceive isnt all there is. There ar e additional dimensions beyond the three spatial dimensions we perceive, plus time. Other three-dimensional branes may co-exist in higher-dimension space, thus acting as parallel universes. Daughter Universes - Quantum mechanics describes the universe in terms of probabilities. In the quantum world, all possible outcomes of a choice or situation not only can occur but do occur. At every branch point, a new universe is created.Mathematical Universes - Mathematics is considered a tool used to describe the parameters of the universe. However, its possible there could be a different mathematical structure. If so, such a structure could describe a completely different sort of universe. Edited by Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D.

Baking Powder Versus Baking Soda

Baking Powder Versus Baking Soda Are you planning some holiday baking? If so, you can use your knowledge of kitchen chemistry to save a trip to the store if you run out of ingredients. One substitution that can be confusing is whether or not you can use baking powder and baking soda interchangeably. Both baking powder and baking soda are used to help baked goods rise, but they arent the same chemicals. The Deal With Baking Soda Baking soda is sodium bicarbonate. If you dont have baking soda, you can use baking powder, but you will need to add about twice as much because baking powder contains baking soda, but it also contains other ingredients. This substitution may affect the flavor of the food, not necessarily in a negative way. If the recipe calls for salt (sodium chloride), you may want to use slightly less. The Deal With Baking Powder Baking powder is sodium bicarbonate and potassium bitartrate. If you dont have baking powder, you cant substitute baking soda, but you can make baking powder using two parts cream of tartar and one part baking soda. For example, two teaspoons of cream of tartar plus one teaspoon of baking soda would give you three teaspoons of baking powder. Unless the recipes states otherwise, begin baking as soon as you have finished mixing the ingredients, since the chemical reaction that causes the rising starts as soon as wet and dry ingredients are mixed. Tell me more...